September 11th through Conspiracists’ Eyes
نویسنده
چکیده
In an influential analysis of the Pearl Harbor attack, published 40 years ago, Roberta Wohlstetter made her well-known distinction between “signal” and “noise” in the evaluation of intelligence. The signal, which conveys information about an enemy action or intention, may be lost, obscured, or distorted by noise in the form of disinformation, rumors, hoaxes, and a variety of other useless or misleading material. Further, the mindset of the interpreter may prevent correct separation of the signal from the noise, particularly when the noise supports the interpreter’s preconceptions.
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